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The use of cell culture procedures
for studying fetal hemoglobin stimulating drugs
High fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has been shown to ameli-
orate the clinical symptoms of patients with β M
Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel globinopathies, β-thalassemia (β-thal) and sickle cell
anemia (SCA). Research is therefore focus on finding
drugs capable of reactivating the
γ-globin genes and
stimulating the production of HbF. Several in vitro

experimental models have been developed to serve this
purpose. Two models are the subject of this review: in

ical symptoms of the underlying disease. Theoretical vitro established erythroid-like cell lines and primary cul-
considerations 3-5 suggested that in SCA not only do tures of erythroid cells derived from progenitors
HbF-containing cells have a lower concentration of obtained from nor
mal donors and patients with β-thal
sickle Hb, but HbF inhibits polymerization of this Hb and SCA. These experimental models are useful for
directly, accounting for the lower propensity of such cells to undergo sickling. In β-thal elevated HbF shouldcompensate partially for the deficiency in α-chains.
These studies ar
These prompted the search for drugs that can ele- fective and safe drugs.
eening of compounds and for studying their mech-
anism of action at the cellular and molecular levels.G
e essential for finding, testing and devel-
oping new, ef
vate γ-globin synthesis and HbF production, which KEY WORDS:
Erythroid precursors - Fetal hemoglobin - β-tha- yielded the drug hydroxyurea (HU) that has been shown to improve the clinical condition in SCA.6, 7Trials with HU have also been carried out in thal The β-hemoglobinopathies, the Y
β-thalassemias patients with considerable success. Although HU is rel- atively safe, it is a myelo-suppressive drug. Moreover, -thal) and sickle cell anemia (SCA) are the most common class of inherited single-gene diseases.
about 30% of the patients do not respond to HU.
Although important advancement has been made in Thus, more effective and less hazardous drugs are prenatal diagnosis and the symptomatic treatment of the diseases (such as blood transfusions and iron che- Several HbF-stimulating agents have been discov- lation), these diseases still have a devastating impact ered as a result of clinical observations. Thus, buty- on the affected individuals, their families and the com- rates were discovered following observations of a delayin HbF disappearance in infants of diabetic mothers 8 munities where the diseases are prevalent. The devel- and of the increased HbF in patients with urea-cycle dis- opment of new therapies is, therefore, urgently need- orders receiving sodium 4-phenylbutyrate.9 However, ed. Epidemiological studies 1, 2 have shown that high in order to systematically test HbF-stimulating agents levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) ameliorate the clin- experimental models are needed. These include invitro established, immortalized, cell lines that can be Address reprint requests to: Prof. E. Fibach, Department of Hematology, induced to express some erythroid characteristics and Hadassay University Hospital, Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
E-mail: [email protected] primary cultures of erythroid progenitors.
CULTURE MODELS FOR STUDYING HBF STIMULATION Established erythroid-like cell lines
or clusters in suspension.20-22 In both systems EPO isessential for full development of Hb-containing eryth- Human erythroid-like cell lines, such as K562,10 HEL 11 and UT-7,12 were derived from cells explantedfrom patients with various forms of myeloid leukemia.
Semi-solid cultures A
The cells were adapted to grow in culture and even-tually became immortalized. They grow as single, In the cloning method, suspensions of single hemat- undifferentiated, cells in suspension, with little produc- opoietic cells derived from the bone marrow, periph- tion of Hbs. When stimulated by various agents they eral blood or other sources such as fetal liver, neona- respond within a few days with a significant increase tal cord blood or adult spleen, are dispersed in semi- in the production of Hbs and the expression of some solid media usually containing methyl cellulose or other erythroid specific differentiation markers.13 Thus, plasma clot. Colonies start to appear after 3-4 day the K-562 cell line can be induced by agents, such as incubation, and they reach their final size and hemo- hemin, 5-azacytidine, HU, butyroids and other agents globinization after 1-2 weeks. Each colony represents to synthesize embryonic Hbs (Gower 1, Gower 2 and a clone derived from one erythroid committed progen- Portland) and HbF.14-18 These cell lines provide repro- itor. Based on the final size of the colonies and the ducible, uniform, large populations of cells that under- time required for their hemoglobinization various go a rather synchronized differentiation program.
types of progenitors can be distinguished; the late Although cell lines serve as convenient experimental erythroid colony forming units (CFUe) reach final size models, because of their leukemic origin and long and hemoglobinization after 1 week and then disap- history in culture, they do not recapitulate all aspects pear, while the early erythroid burst forming units of erythropoiesis. For example, K562 cells do not A (BFUe) develop after 2 weeks.23, 24Erythroid colonies
response to erythropoietin (EPO), the physiological can be distinquished from other (myeloid) colonies by inducer of erythroid cell proliferation and differentia- their red color or by their positive reaction with heme- tion. In addition, they do not produce adult Hbs (HbA specific reagents.25 Counting the different types of colonies on different days provides a quantitative esti- 2). In essence, stimulation of these cells involves increase production of Hb types that are pro- mation of the frequency of the various progenitors duced constitutively at background levels when un- in the hematopoietic tissue. Cellular analysis of the cul-tures can be performed on the entire cell populationby harvesting the culture and washing out the meth- stimulated, rather than their reactivation from a non-
active to an active state. Moreover, in the absence ofG
-globin, this model does not recapitulate ylcellulose or by picking up (with a capillary tube) individual colonies and then pooling them together.
of α-chains). And finally, although many agents have Alternatively, the analysis can be performed on single been shown to increase Hb production in such cell colonies after they were picked up individually.
Analysis of the Hb content of individual colonies rep- cultures, and, vice versa, other agents (e.g., cytokines) resents their heterogeneity with respect to their poten- fect primary cultures fail to stimulate cell lines.
tial to produce HbF. When single cell techniques areused, such as staining cells with specific antibodies, theheterogeneity among progeny of individual progen- Primary cultur
es of human erythroid cells
itors can be assessed. This model has been used for The establishment of a cell line is a rare event; nor- The fact that in this culture system the cells are mal cells and cells from most patients cannot be immobilized in semi-solid medium results in several immortalized. Nevertheless, primary cultures of eryth- disadvantages. The cell yield per colony and the total roid cells can be readily established from most normal cells per culture are low (<105/ml) making it techni- individuals and patients. Their growth in vitro repre- cally difficult to carry out biochemical, molecular and sents more closely than cell lines the in vivo situa- immunological characterizations of the developing tion. The cells can be cultured either in semi-solid cells. It is a one-step continuous culture and addition medium where they develop into discrete colonies,19 of the tested agents during the culture is difficult. In or in liquid medium where they grow as single cells addition, the proportion of HbF produced in colo- CULTURE MODELS FOR STUDYING HBF STIMULATION nies grown in semi-solid medium is significantly high-er than that produced in vivo by the donor of the The liquid culture procedure overcomes several of these obstacles. It is possible to obtain large cultures of relatively pure and synchronized erythroid cell Culture in liquid medium+fetal bovine serum population and compounds can be added on differ- + erythropoietin
ent days when the culture consists of cells at specif- Liquid medium+fetal bovineserum+cytokine-containing ic stages of maturation. In a procedure developed by us the culture is divided into 2 phases (Figure 1): an EPO-independent phase, in which peripheral blood cells are first cultured in the presence of a combina-tion of growth factors, but in the absence of EPO,where early erythroid committed progenitors, BFUe, EProliferation and Proliferation and maturation
differentiation
into Hb-containing erythroid
proliferate and differentiate into CFUe-like progenitors.
of BFU into CFUe
phase, the latter cells, cultured in an EPO- supplemented medium, continue to proliferate and Figure 1.—A schematic flow chart of the 2-phase liquid culture pro- mature into orthochromatic normoblasts and enu- In phase I of the procedure, peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated on Ficoll or an equiva- cultures contain some adherent cells (mainly macro- lent 1.077 g/ml density medium are cultured in liquid phages) and non-adherent cells (mainly lymphocytes).
medium supplemented with human recombinant The non-adherent cells are harvested, washed and , interleukin-6 and stem cell factor.
re-cultured in fresh medium supplemented with EPO These cytokines can be replaced by conditioned (1 U/ml). In the absence of necessary cytokines to medium derived from cultures of various human car- support their proliferation and differentiation, non- cinoma cell lines, such as the 5 637 bladder carcino-G
erythroid progenitors cease their development.
ma. This conditioned medium contains a variety of Erythroid progenitors (CFUe), following exposure to EPO, proliferate and differentiate into erythroid pre- culture is, therefore, EPO-independent. Lymphocytes cursors. Proerythroblasts are discernible by inverted can be removed from the inoculum using specific microscopy on days 4-5 of phase II as large, round and smooth cells. At this stage they may be purified lymphocytic (CAMPATH-1) antibodies 31 or by sup- from remaining lymphocytes and erythrocytes on pressing their activation and proliferation by addi- Percoll gradient (1.0585 g/ml) and re-cultured in the same medium. As the proerythroblasts continue to During phase I, erythroid, myeloid and megakaryo- multiply, they form clusters and then large aggregates cytic progenitors proliferate and differentiate. The which when undisturbed can reach hundreds of cells early erythroid-committed progenitors, BFUe, prolife- (Figure 2A). As these cells differentiate they decrease rate and differentiate into CFUe-like progenitors. The in size and accumulate Hb and the aggregates assume kinetics of expansion of the erythroid progenitors in phase I of the culture and their requirement for cyto- Using this procedure, erythroid cells continue to kines were studied by direct and indirect cloning in proliferate in phase II for 14 days; their number peaks on day 12 and reaches up to 3x106 cells/ml culture; Following 1-week incubation in phase I further more than 96% of which are Hb-containing cells - development of CFUe requires EPO; in its absence, mostly (90%) orthochromatic normoblasts and 4% these cells are blocked and synchronized with respect enucleated erythrocytes (Figures 2B, C). Non-erythroid to differentiation and proliferation. At this stage, the cells usually constitute less than 4% of the total pop- CULTURE MODELS FOR STUDYING HBF STIMULATION Figure 2.—Erythroid cells in culture. A) Lar ge aggregates of erythroid precursors on day 6 of phase II. Unstained cells were photographed in situ using an inverted microscope. B) Benzidine staining of cells from day 8 phase II cultures. Cells were smeared on a glass slide using a cytocentrifuge, and stained with benzidine. Mature erythroid Hb-containing cells which are benzidine positive (B+) and early erythroid pre-cursors which are benzidine negative (B-) are seen. C) Benzidine/Giemsa staining of cells from day 10 cultures. Cells were smeared as in Bfollowed by staining with Giemsa. Both B+ erythroid cells and B- myeloid and lymphoid cells are seen. D) Cells harvested on day 12 of theculture.
ulation. Following the beginning of maturation, eryth- blood from patients with thal or SCA, because of the roid cells can be purified to >99% using immuno- high frequency of erythroid progenitors,23 20 ml of magnetic beads directed against erythroid specific whole blood can be used for 20 ml cultures that even- membrane antigen such as glycophorin A.32 For nor- mal erythroid cultures, the buffy coat fraction (that is Peripheral blood cells are employed in this proce- usually discarded by the Blood Bank) of a whole dure for the following reasons: a) the availability of PB blood unit may be used for setting up 100 ml cul- from normal individuals and patients; b) the homoge- tures. In such cases, a total of up to 3×108 cells can be neity of the peripheral blood erythroid progenitors, harvested on day 12 of the culture (Figure 2D). With namely early BFUe, as opposed to the BM which con- CULTURE MODELS FOR STUDYING HBF STIMULATION tains progenitors at various developmental stages.33 Good results can be obtained with cells derived fromother sources, including CD34+ cells purified by immu- no-magnetic bead technologies, but, in these cases some modifications of the procedure are required.
This system recapitulates many aspects of in vivo erythropoiesis including globin RNA metabolism,34-36 cell cycle kinetics,37 cell surface antigens,38 iron andferritin metabolism 39-42 and transcription factors.37, 43 We have used this system to study the effects of hundreds of compounds, including butyroids,44, 45hemin 46 and EPO 47 and histone deacetylase inhibi- tors.48 For studying their potential to enhance HbFproduction, compounds can be added to phase I, phase II or both. Non-toxic drugs such as cytokines and hemin may be added to the cultures at any time.
With cytotoxic drugs, such as HU and 5-azacytidine, because of their cyto-toxic/-static effects, they are usually added on day 4-8 of phase II.
Since the erythroid cells in phase II are grown in suspension, samples of cells can be withdrawn at any time without disturbing the cultures and assayed for sis, cell cycle or expression of surface antigens.
Hemoglobinization can be easily followed by staining Figure 3.—HPLC chromatogram of hemoglobins produced by cul- the cells with benzidine solutions.25 The benzidine tured erythroid cells. Cells were harvested from day 12 cultures,washed and lysed. The hemoglobins in the lysate were separated on staining is specific for heme-containing compounds.
cation-exchange HPLC. The peaks are labeled with the retention timesand the corresponding hemoglobin type.
Smear of cells on a glass slide can be stained with a
combination of 3’,-3’,-dimethoxybenzidine, whichG
stains the Hb-containing cells brown, and Giemsa,which permits detailed examination of the cell mor- The distribution of the erythroid cell population phology (Figures 2B, C). The “blue” method with with respect to intracellular content of HbF can be dihycrochloric benzidine stains the cells in their orig- analyzed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibod- inal medium. It requires one drop of culture and after ies directed specifically against HbF 52, 53 (Figure 4).
1 minute the cells are scored in a hemocytometer and Dual/triple staining with the corresponding antibod- the number and percentage of positive cells deter- ies can be used for simultaneous analysis of both mined. Using this procedure, positive cells can be HbA (or HbS) and HbF, or Hb and another marker of routinely found after 4-5 days in phase II.
interest such as glycophorin A or CD36 surface anti- The Hb content of the developing erythroid cells can be measured by a variety of techniques, such as The results with HU indicated that cultured cells the alkaline denaturation and benzidine staining 49 recapitulated many aspects of hemopoiesis in HU- and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), treated patients: a reduction in cell number, an increase cation-exchange HPLC for hemoglobins (Figure 3) and in cell size (mean corpuscolar volume, MCV), an reverse-phase HPLC for globin chains.50, 51 Using the increase in total Hb per cell (mean corpuscolar hemo- HPLC techniques, Hb is measurable in culture as ear- globin, MCH) and an increase in the proportion of ly as 5 days in phase II. On day 12, one ml culture is HbF.54 Using cultures derived from SCA patients, we sufficient for multiple measurements. The mean cellu- have shown that following treatment with HU and lar Hb or HbF concentration of erythroid cells are cal- other HbF-stimulating drugs, sickle Hb polymerization culated from the values of the HPLC determinations and cell sickling in low oxygen atmosphere was inhib- divided by the number of benzidine-positive cells.
ited.55 Moreover, preliminary data suggest a correlation CULTURE MODELS FOR STUDYING HBF STIMULATION M T Glycophorin A
Figure 4.—Flow cytometry of fetal hemoglobin in cultured thalassemic cells. HU (150 µM) untreated and treated cultures derived from a β-thalassemia patient were stained with PE-conjugated antibodies for HbF and with FITC-conjugated antibodies for glycophorin A. In untreat-ed cultures 12.6% of the erythroid cells (glycophorin A positive) were also positive for fetal hemoglobin (cells in the upper right quadrant).
In HU-treated cultures 24.0% of the erythroid cells were positive for fetal hemoglobin.
suited for growing erythroid cells from normal and to treatment. If this correlation between the in vitro patients. It yields large, pure and synchronized (in results is substantiated, it will be possible terms of maturation) erythroid populations. This by testing cultures of cells derived from the patient's system recapitulates the in vivo pattern of Hb pro- peripheral blood to predict the response of the patient duction of the donors. Following evaluation of drugs in vivo. This will prevent both expensive and poten-G
in these in vitro systems, the most promising drugs tially risky treatment from patients who do no respond should then be further studied in animal model systems, such as transgenic mice and in primates Conclusions
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