Proposition 65 status report: safe harbor levels: no significant risk levels and maximum allowable dose levels
PROPOSITION 65 STATUS REPORT SAFE HARBOR LEVELS: January 2005
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency
The energy challenge facing California is real. Every Californian needs to take immediate action to reduce energy consumption. TABLE OF CONTENTS Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels Development…………………… 1 A. No Significant Risk Levels (NSRLs) Adopted in Regulation for Carcinogens……………………………………. 2 B. Maximum Allowable Dose Levels (MADLs) Adopted in Regulation for Chemicals Causing Reproductive Toxicity…… 9 C. Priority List for the Development of NSRLs for Carcinogens…. 10 D. Priority List for the Development of MADLs for Chemicals Causing Reproductive Toxicity…………………………………… 16 Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels Development
The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) of the California Environmental Protection Agency is the lead agency for the implementation of the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65 or the Act). In that role, OEHHA has developed Proposition 65 safe harbor levels -- no significant risk levels (NSRLs) for carcinogens and maximum allowable dose levels (MADLs) for chemicals that cause reproductive toxicity. The NSRL is the daily intake level calculated to result in one excess case of cancer in an exposed population of 100,000, assuming lifetime (70-year) exposure at the level in question. The MADL is the level at which the chemical would have no observable adverse reproductive effect assuming exposure at 1,000 times that level. The NSRLs and MADLs are promulgated in Title 22, California Code of Regulations, (CCR) Sections 12705 and 12805 respectively to assist interested parties in determining whether warnings are required for exposures to listed chemicals, and whether discharges to sources of drinking water are prohibited. Safe harbor levels may be based on risk assessments conducted outside OEHHA, as provided for in 22 CCR 12705(b), 12705(c), and 12805. In some cases, this can expedite safe harbor development. However, it should be noted that the process of review and consideration of existing risk assessments can be a lengthy one, and will depend on the complexity of the scientific information underlying the assessment, as well as on available resources. This document provides the status of the development and adoption of intake levels calculated for all chemicals on the Proposition 65 list. In units of micrograms per day (µg/day), Part A reports NSRLs adopted in regulation for carcinogens and Part B reports MADLs adopted in regulation for chemicals that cause reproductive toxicity. Parts C and D of this document give priority levels for development of dose response assessments for chemicals that cause cancer and reproductive toxicity, respectively. Interested parties are invited to recommend changes in priority levels. OEHHA retains the right to change priorities in response to the nature and availability of scientific information, and resources available, and requests from the public and the Attorney General’s office. Parts C and D also give draft levels, some of which have been available since the early 1990’s and others of which have been updated recently. OEHHA will continue to review the basis for draft numbers and update analyses as needed, before proposing or finalizing levels for formal adoption in regulation. This status report will be updated on a regular basis.
A. No Significant Risk Levels (NSRLs) Adopted in Regulation for Carcinogens
The table below lists NSRLs for Proposition 65 carcinogens in regulation (22 CCR §12705 and §12709). These levels are intended to provide “safe harbors” for persons subject to the Act, and do not preclude the use of alternative levels that can be demonstrated by their users as being scientifically valid. A three-tiered procedure for development of NSRLs is currently in place. NSRLs may be based on a de novo dose response assessment conducted or reviewed by OEHHA (22 CCR §12705(b)), an assessment conducted by another state or federal agency (22 CCR §12705(c)), or an expedited process conducted by OEHHA (22 CCR §12705(d)). The last column of the table below indicates which of these processes was used to develop the NSRL for each chemical. NSRLs represent the daily intake level calculated to result in a cancer risk of one excess case of cancer in 100,000 individuals exposed over a 70-year lifetime. NSRLs for chemicals in bold have been adopted since the last Status Report. As chemicals are removed from the Proposition 65 list, the regulatory process to remove the safe harbor level from regulation will be initiated. Carcinogen
A-alpha-C (2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole)
AF-2; [2-(2-furyl)-3(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide]
2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole 0.04
NSRL for fibers > 5 micrometers (mm) long and 0.3 wide, with a length/width ratio > 3:1 as measured by phase contrast microscopy.
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
Chlorinated paraffins (Ave. chain length C12;
Chloromethyl methyl ether (technical grade)
p-Chloro-o-toluidine, hydrochloride
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
Dantron (Chrysazin; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone)
4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether (4,4'-Oxydianiline)
1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride)
1,2-Dichloropropane 9.7 12705(b)
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine (o-Dianisidine) 0.15
[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine (o-Toluidine) 0.044
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
Ethyl-4,4'-dichlorobenzilate (Chlorobenzilate)
2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole 0.3
Glu-P-1 (2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole)
Glu-P-2 (2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]-imidazole)
Gyromitrin (Acetaldehyde methylformylhydrazone)
IQ (2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline)
Me-A-alpha-C (2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole)
MeIQ (2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoline) 0.46
MeIQx (2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline) 0.41
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
4,4'-Methylene bis(N,N-dimethyl)benzeneamine
2-Methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone (of uncertain purity)
N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine 0.08
5-(Morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)-amino] -2-oxazolidinone
MX (3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone) 0.11
Nitrilotriacetic acid, trisodium salt monohydrate
1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)-amino]-2-imidazolidinone 0.4
N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide 0.5
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 0.014
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005 o-Phenylenediamine dihydrochloride
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 0.000005
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide (Thiotepa)
Vinyl trichloride (1,1,2-Trichloroethane)
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005 B. Maximum Allowable Dose Levels (MADLs) Adopted in Regulation for Chemicals Causing Reproductive Toxicity
The following table is a compilation of MADLs in regulation (22 CCR §12805) for Proposition 65 chemicals that cause reproductive toxicity. These levels represent the no observable effect level (NOEL) for the chemical, divided by 1,000. NOELs are set in accordance with procedures specified in 22 CCR §12803. MADLs for chemicals in bold have been adopted since the last Status Report. Chemical Listed as Causing Reproductive Toxicity
2,4-DB (2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid)
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) 3.1 (oral) (inhalation) m-Dinitrobenzene 38 Disodium cyanodithiomidocarbonate 56 (oral) [170 (oral) for a 32% pesticidal formulation] Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate 700 (oral and inhalation) (dermal) Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 63 (oral) Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 98 (oral) Methyl bromide as a structural fumigant 810 (inhalation)
Quizalofop-ethyl 590 Thiophanate-methyl 600
aWhere a source or product results in exposures by multiple routes, the total exposure must be considered. For example, the MADL for benzene is exceeded when the absorbed dose exceeds 24 µg/day. If only inhalation and oral exposure occurs, the benzene MADL is exceeded when: (oral dose ÷ 24 µg/day) + (inhalation dose ÷ 24 µg/day) > 1.0 b Level represents absorbed dose (rounded from 6,525 µg/day). Since 100% of ingested toluene is absorbed, oral dose is equivalent to administered dose. It is assumed that roughly 50% of the dose administered by the inhalation route is absorbed. Therefore the MADL for inhaled toluene is 13,000 µg/day (rounded from 13,050 µg/day), corresponding to an absorbed dose of 6,525 µg/day. Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2004 C. Priority List for the Development of NSRLs for Proposition 65 Carcinogens OEHHA has developed the following priority list, which classifies into four priorities carcinogens for which dose-response assessments have not been completed. Priority levels reflect the availability and quality of scientific data for dose-response assessments, potential for exposure, resources available to perform the assessment, commitments made in settlement of the case of AFL-CIO v. Deukmejian (Sacramento Superior Court No. 3481295) and input from the public and Attorney General’s office. OEHHA anticipates proposing NSRLs for the majority of chemicals in the first priority group within the next two years, and for second priority chemicals within the next two to four years. It is unlikely that NSRLs for third and fourth priority chemicals would be released within the next three years. Any interested party may submit recommendations to OEHHA for revising the priority assignment for any of the chemicals listed. Recommendations should be accompanied by appropriate documentation supporting the alternative priority assignment suggested. OEHHA expects changes in priorities resulting from the availability of scientific information and resources, and requests from the public and Attorney General’s office. A three-tiered procedure for development of NSRLs is currently in place. NSRLs may be based on a de novo dose response assessment conducted or reviewed by OEHHA (22 CCR §12705(b)), an assessment conducted by another state or federal agency (22 CCR §12705(c)), or an expedited process conducted by OEHHA (22 CCR §12705(d)). The table below lists draft NSRLs and their year of release, along with the subsection of 12705 indicating the procedure used to develop the value. OEHHA will review the basis for draft numbers and update analyses as needed, before proposing or finalizing levels for formal adoption in regulation. Chemicals in bold font have been added to the Proposition 65 list or changed in priority status since the last Status Report.
First Priority for NSRL Development Acetochlor
1-Amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone Aniline hydrochloride Antimony oxide Azacitidine Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzotrichloride
(1993 draft inhalation NSRL: 0.0002 µg/day [12705(d)])
2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol Bromate Chlordimeform
p-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline hydrochloride C. I. Acid Red 114 C.I. Direct Blue 15 C.I. Direct Blue 218 C.I. Solvent Yellow 14
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine dihydrochloride 1,3-Dichloropropene
(1992 draft NSRL: 0.3 µg/day [12705(b)])
2,6-Dinitrotoluene Estragole Ethylbenzene Ethinylestradiol Furan Glycidol
(1992 draft NSRL: 0.01 µg/day [12705(b)])
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Isoprene Lactofen
Methylmercury compounds N-Methylolacrylamide
Nickel carbonyl o-Nitroanisole Nitrobenzene 4-Nitrobiphenyl 6-Nitrochrysene
(1993 draft NSRL: 0.004 µg/day [12705(b)])
∗ For explanation of priority levels see discussion above.
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005 o-Phenylphenol PhiP Progesterone Propylene glycol mono-t-butyl ether Pronamide Pyridine Selenium sulfide 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate Vinyl
First priority for changes to NSRLs currently in regulation:
o-Phenylphenate, sodium Pentachlorophenol Safrole
p-Aminoazobenzene Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl)ether, technical grade Bromoethane Cacodylic acid Catechol Ceramic fibers (airborne particles of respirable size) 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene Chloroprene 5-Chloro-o-toluidine and its strong acid salts Cobalt metal powder Cobalt [II] oxide Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diaminotoluene (mixed) 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol Dichloroacetic acid 1,4-Dichloro-2-butene Diesel engine exhaust Di-n-propyl isocinchomeronate (MGK Repellent 326) Diuron Ethoprop Fenoxycarb Fumonisin B1 Indium phosphide Iprodione Isoxaflutole
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
Isosafrole Metham sodium Methyl iodide 1-Naphthylamine Nickel and nickel compounds Nitromethane o-Nitrotoluene Oxadiazon Oxythioquinox Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins Primidone Propachlor Quinoline and its strong acid salts Radionuclides Salicylazosulfapyridine Silica, crystalline (airborne particles of respirable size) Testosterone and its esters p-a,a,a-Tetrachlorotoluene Tetrafluoroethylene Thiouracil 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline and its strong acid salts Triphenyltin hydroxide Trypan blue (commercial grade) 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide
Third Priority for NSRL Development Adriamycin (Doxorubicin hydrochloride) Benzidine-based dyes N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine Bischloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU) (Carmustine) 1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulfan) Carbon black (airborne, unbound particles of respirable size) Chloramphenicol 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea Chlorotrianisene Ciclosporin (Cyclosporin A; Cyclosporine) Cidofovir Cisplatin Clofibrate Daunomycin N,N'-Diacetylbenzidine 3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether Dienestrol 1,2-Diethylhydrazine Diisopropyl sulfate 2,4-/2,6-Dinitrotoluene mixture Diphenylhydantoin (Phenytoin) Diphenylhydantoin (Phenytoin), sodium salt 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-based dyes metabolized to 3,3’-dimethoxybenzidine 3,3’-Dimethylbenzidine-based dyes metabolized to 3,3’-dimethylbenzidine Estrone Estropipate
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
Ethyl acrylate Furazolidone Fusarin C Ganciclovir sodium Gasoline engine exhaust (condensates/extracts) Gemfibrozil Glasswool fibers (airborne particles of respirable size) Glycidaldehyde Mancozeb Maneb Medroxyprogesterone acetate Merphalan Mestranol Metiram Mustard Gas Niridazole Nitrogen mustard (Mechlorethamine) Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride (Mechlorethamine HC1) Norethisterone (Norethindrone) Oxymetholone Panfuran S Polychlorinated dibenzofurans Procymidone Propargite Propylene
Spironolactone Stanozolol Strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid Tamoxifen and its salts Terrazole Thiodicarb Thorium dioxide Treosulfan Trichlormethine (Trimustine hydrochloride) Uracil mustard Vinclozolin Vinyl fluoride Zileuton
Alcoholic beverages 2-Aminofluorene 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol Analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin Aristolochic acid Betel quid with tobacco Bitumens, extracts of steam-refined Bracken fern Caffeic acid Carbon-black extracts Certain combined chemotherapy for lymphomas Citrus Red No. 2 Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
Conjugated estrogens Creosotes Cycasin Cytembena D&C Orange No. 17 D&C Red No. 8 D&C Red No. 19 3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene 3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene Erionite Ethyl methanesulfonate Herbal remedies containing plant species of the genus Aristolochia Iron dextran complex Lynestrenol 8-Methoxypsoralen with ultraviolet A therapy 5-Methoxypsoralen with ultraviolet A therapy Methylazoxymethanol Methylazoxymethanol acetate Nitrogen mustard N-oxide Nitrogen mustard N-oxide hydrochloride 3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)propionitrile Norethynodrel Oil Orange SS Oral contraceptives, combined Oral contraceptives, sequential Palygorskite fibers Phenolphthalein Residual (heavy) fuel oils Riddelliine Shale-oils Soots, tars, and mineral oils Talc containing asbestiform fibers Tobacco, oral use of smokeless products Tobacco smoke Tris(aziridinyl)-para-benzoquinone (Triaziquone) Unleaded gasoline (wholly vaporized) Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005 D. Priority List for the Development of MADLs for Chemicals Causing Reproductive Toxicity
OEHHA has developed the following priority list, which divides chemicals causing reproductive toxicity for which dose-response assessments have not been completed into three priorities. Priority levels reflect the availability and quality of scientific data for dose-response assessments, potential for exposure, resources available to perform the assessment, and input from the public and the Attorney General’s office. OEHHA anticipates proposing MADLs for the majority of chemicals in the first priority group within the next two years, and for several chemicals in the second priority within the next two to four years. It is unlikely that MADLs for chemicals in the third priority group would be released within the next three years. Any interested party may submit recommendations to OEHHA on revising the priority assignment for any of the chemicals listed. Recommendations should be accompanied by appropriate documentation supporting the alternative priority assignment suggested. OEHHA expects changes in priorities resulting from the availability of scientific information and resources and requests from the public and Attorney General’s office. Also given below are draft levels available and year of release. OEHHA will review the basis for draft numbers and update analyses as needed, before proposing or finalizing levels for formal adoption in regulation. Chemicals in bold font have been added to the Proposition 65 list or changed in priority status since the last Status Report. 1.
1-Bromopropane Carbon Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (2004 draft iv MADL: 4200 µg/day)
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Mercury and mercury compounds*
Nicotine Triphenyl tin hydroxide Vinclozolin
Amitraz Bromacil lithium salt Bromoxynil Bromoxynil octanoate 1,3-Butadiene Chinomethionat (Oxythioquinox) Chlorsulfuron Cocaine Cycloate Dichlorophene
* For explanation of priority levels see discussion above.
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
Diclofop methyl Ethylene thiourea Fenoxaprop ethyl Fluazifop butyl Fluvalinate Methazole Metiram Myclobutanil Nabam Nitrapyrin Oxadiazon Oxydemeton methyl Potassium dimethyldithiocarbamate Propargite Resmethrin Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate
(2004 draft oral MADL: 23 µg/day [58 µg/day for a 40% pesticidal formulation])
Sodium fluoroacetate Terbacil 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD) Triadimefon Tributyltin methacrylate Triforine
Acetazolamide Acetohydroxamic acid Actinomycin D All-trans retinoic acid Alprazolam Altretamine Amantadine hydrochloride Amikacin sulfate Aminoglutethimide Aminoglycosides Aminopterin Amiodarone hydrochloride Amoxapine Anabolic steroids Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Anisindione Aspirin Atenolol Auranofin Azathioprine Barbiturates Beclomethasone dipropionate Benomyl Benzphetamine hydrochloride Benzodiazepines Bischloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU) (Carmustine) Butabarbital sodium 1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulfan)
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
Carbamazepine Carbon monoxide Carboplatin Chenodiol Chlorambucil Chlorcyclizine hydrochloride Chlordecone (Kepone) Chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) (Lomustine) Cidofovir Cladribine Clarithromycin Clobetasol propionate Clomiphene citrate Clorazepate dipotassium Codeine phosphate Colchicine Conjugated estrogens Cyanazine Cycloheximide Cyclophosphamide (anhydrous) Cyclophosphamide (hydrated) Cyhexatin Cytarabine Dacarbazine Danazol Daunorubicin hydrochloride o,p'-DDT p,p'-DDT Demeclocycline hydrochloride (internal use) Diazepam Diazoxide Dichlophenamide Dicumarol Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Diflunisal Dihydroergotamine mesylate Diltiazem hydrochloride o-Dinitrobenzene p-Dinitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 2,6-Dinitrotoluene Dinitrotoluene (technical grade) Dinocap Dinoseb Diphenylhydantoin (Phenytoin) Doxorubicin hydrochloride Doxycycline (internal use) Doxycycline calcium (internal use) Doxycycline hyclate (internal use) Doxycycline monohydrate (internal use) Endrin Epichlorohydrin
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
Ergotamine tartrate Estropipate Ethionamide Ethyl alcohol in alcoholic beverages Ethylene dibromide Etodolac Etoposide Etretinate Filgrastim Flunisolide Fluorouracil Fluoxymesterone Flurazepam hydrochloride Flurbiprofen Flutamide Fluticasone propionate Ganciclovir sodium Gemfibrozil Goserelin acetate Halazepam Halobetasol propionate Haloperidol Halothane Heptachlor Hexachlorobenzene Hexamethylphosphoramide Histrelin acetate Hydroxyurea Idarubicin hydrochloride Ifosfamide Iodine-131 Isotretinoin Leuprolide acetate Levodopa Levonorgestrel implants Lithium carbonate Lithium citrate Lorazepam Lovastatin Mebendazole Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate Melphalan Menotropins Meprobamate Mercaptopurine Methacycline hydrochloride Methimazole Methotrexate Methotrexate sodium Methyl chloride Methyltestosterone Midazolam hydrochloride Minocycline hydrochloride (internal use)
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
Misoprostol Mitoxantrone hydrochloride Nafarelin acetate Neomycin sulfate (internal use) Netilmicin sulfate Nickel carbonyl Nifedipine Nimodipine Nitrofurantoin Nitrogen mustard (Mechlorethamine) Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride (Mechlorethamine hydrochloride) Norethisterone (Norethindrone) Norethisterone acetate (Norethindrone acetate) Norethisterone (Norethindrone)/Ethinyl estradiol Norethisterone (Norethindrone)/Mestranol Norgestrel Oxazepam Oxymetholone Oxytetracycline (internal use) Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (internal use) Paclitaxel Paramethadione Penicillamine Pentobarbital sodium Pentostatin Phenacemide Phenprocoumon Pimozide Pipobroman Plicamycin Polybrominated biphenyls Polychlorinated biphenyls Pravastatin sodium Prednisolone sodium phosphate Procarbazine hydrochloride Propylthiouracil Pyrimethamine Quazepam Retinol/retinyl esters, when in daily dosages in excess of 10,000 IU, or 3,000 retinol equivalents. Ribavirin Rifampin Secobarbital sodium Sermorelin acetate Streptomycin sulfate Streptozocin (streptozotocin) Sulfasalazine Sulindac Tamoxifen citrate Temazepam Teniposide Testosterone cypionate Testosterone enanthate Tetracycline (internal use)
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
Tetracyclines (internal use) Tetracycline hydrochloride (internal use) Thalidomide Thioguanine Tobacco smoke (primary) Tobramycin sulfate Triazolam Trientine hydrochloride Trilostane Trimethadione Trimetrexate glucuronate Uracil mustard Urethane Urofollitropin Valproate (Valproic acid) Vinblastine sulfate Vincristine sulfate Warfarin Zileuton
Status Report Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels January 2005
In the 1930s it was postulated that skin exposed to normally found in skin in fairly high concentrations. In people sunlight aged faster than skin that was protected from of Asian descent the beta-carotene levels are higher than sunlight. By 1955 it was discovered that the application of in Westerners. Beta-carotene has the ability to be cleaved vitamin A as retinyl palmitate to aged ski
The Atlantic Monthly Feb 1994 v273 n2 p 44(21) The coming anarchy: how scarcity, crime, overpopulation, tribalism, and disease are rapidly destroying the social fabric of our planet. The crime and lawlessness of West Africa is a model of what future life could become everywhere as demographic, environmental, health and social problems increase. The threats of scarce resources, cultura