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Literature review: tai chi chuan's role in maintaining independence in ageing people with chronic disease

Abstract Tai Chi Chuan has traditionally been used and is still practised by millionsof Chinese people, especially the elderly as an exercise and therapeutic tool. Since theadvent of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the west, there has been an increasinginterest in its potential health benefits by an increasing number of health professionals,including doctors, nurses, physiotherapists and occupational therapists. This literaturereview focuses on the increasing evidence of Tai Chi as an exercise activity which canimprove fitness, and that with regular application can lead to an increase in functionalabilities of coordination and joint mobility, as well as improve self esteem andconfidence. The literature review on Tai Chi provides evidence as to the potential forTai Chi in the prevention and treatment of many conditions associated with ageing,amongst them loss of balance and strength (frailty), and cardiorespiratory function, aswell as psychological factors associated with the ageing process.
It is concluded that Tai Chi Chuan can prevent many of the problems associated with ageing, but that further research needs to be undertaken into the use of Tai Chi asa therapeutic tool for combating chronic disease. # 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
Althoughphysical strength tends to decline Andrzej Jancewicz BSc(Hons), MRSS(T), FSMT Sports Massage Therapist, Clinical supervisor, Polyclinic, University of Westminster, London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies (2001) doi: 10.1054/jbmt.2000.0178, available online at J O U R N A L O F B O DY W O R K A N D M O V E M E N T T H E R A P I E S JANUARY 2 0 01 conditions of ageing depends on acomplex interaction of factors, andany generalizations concerningelderly people should be read withcaution.
controversial. It is generallyassumed that Tai Chi (also calledTai Chi Chuan, Taijiquan, TaiChiQuan or T’ai Chi) has its beginningssome 300 years ago in the late Mingand early Qing dynasties of China(Wolf 1997), although its roots aresteeped in Taoist philosophy and goback to 300 BC Legend has it that ChangSanfeng, a thirteenth century Taoistmonk originated Tai Chi Chuan byadopting an earlier martial art formused by monks for protectionAlthough TaiChi is a martial art, it has many Fig. 1. ‘Waving hands in the clouds’ — an example of using the waist and shifting bodyweight.
therapeutic qualities. This is becausethe emphasis on performing themovements of Tai Chi is not onexertion or strength, but on J O U R N A L O F B O DY W O R K A N D M O V E M E N T T H E R A P I E S JANUARY 2 0 01 J O U R N A L O F B O DY W O R K A N D M O V E M E N T T H E R A P I E S JANUARY 2 0 01 posture ‘single whip’ or ‘fist under J O U R N A L O F B O DY W O R K A N D M O V E M E N T T H E R A P I E S JANUARY 2 0 01 include a comparative study of TaiChi with Wing Chun which evaluatedrespiratory and metabolic responses.
Wing Chuan, which translates as‘beautiful springtime’, is a style ofmartial art which originates fromsouthern China. Legend has it that awoman called Yim Wing Chun wastaught the art by a Shaolin nuncalled Ng Mui In thisstudy of martial arts experts,unspecified age, a lower ventilatoryequivalent for oxygen was shown byTai Chi practitioners. This maysuggest that practising Tai Chiresults in better breathing patternthan Wing Chun, which is more ofan energetic martial art andtherefore less useful for the elderly.
This in turn may suggest that Tai Fig. 2. Postures responsible for increasing hand grip strength.
Chi breathing patterns are moreuseful than higher intensityexercises, which is relevant in regardto possible benefits in ageing people.
J O U R N A L O F B O DY W O R K A N D M O V E M E N T T H E R A P I E S JANUARY 2 0 01 people ‘‘with’’ chronic disease?’, Arnetz BB, Theorell T, Levi L, Kallner A, psychoendocrine and metabolic effects.
Psychosomatic Medicine 45: 395–406 research is required in this area, i.e.
therapeutic benefits. American Journal of Bemben MG 1998 Age related — alterations Blair SN, Garcia ME 1996 Get up and move: women. Journal of the AmericanGeriatrics Society 44: 599–600 Buddenberg LA 1998 Getting the elderly back Osborne M, Ives G 1996 Changes inhaemodynamic parameters following Tai Crook P, Stott R, Rose M, Peters S, Salmon Farrel SJ, Ross AD, Sehgal KV 1999 Eastern J O U R N A L O F B O DY W O R K A N D M O V E M E N T T H E R A P I E S JANUARY 2 0 01 practitioners and sedentary subjects.
Ross MC 1998 The therapeutic effects of Tai Frantzis B, Abel J 1988 Tai Chi for health.
Frontline 1998 A certified training course in Tai Chi Chuan as a cardiac rehabilitation pain, and mood in the elderly. Results of a pilot study. Journal of Holistic Nursing Sakai T, Ideishi M, Miura S et al. 1998 Mild 12 month Tai Chi training in the elderly: its effect on health fitness. Medicine and The roles of exercise and fall risk in the The effect of Tai Chi on cardiorespiratory function in patients with coronary artery Simpson JM 1993 Elderly people at risk of falling: the role of muscle weakness.
control, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness among older Tai Chi practitioners.
Chi Chuan — the technique of power.
Smith R 1994 Validation and reliability of the elderly mobility scale. Physiotherapy 80: Jin P 1992 Efficacy of Tai Chi, briskwalking, Tinetti ME, Franklin Williams T, Mayewski R 1986 Fall risk index for elderly patients Mills N, Allen J, Carey Morgan S 2000 Does based on number of chronic disabilities.
Johnstone J, Judd M, Langley J et al. 1993 Motoyama M, Sunami Y, Kinoshita F et al.
postural control in the well elderly.
low intensity aerobic training in elderly Uchino BN, Cacioppo JT, Kiecolt-Glaser JK Exercise to improve gait velocity in older patients with coronary artery disease.
mechanisms and implications for health.
Evaluating the safety and potential use of Wienfield HR 1994 The nature and elicitation Chuan, for rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Payton O, Poland J 1983 Ageing process — Klitgaard H, Mantoni M, Schiaffino S et al.
implications for clinical practice. Physical Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner NG et al.
expression of ageing of skeletal muscle — al. 1995 The effects of exercise on falls in elderly patients. Journal of the American Wolf SL, Coogler C, Xu T 1997 Exploring the J O U R N A L O F B O DY W O R K A N D M O V E M E N T T H E R A P I E S JANUARY 2 0 01 Wolfson L, Whipple R, Derby C et al. 1996 it’s implications. Physical Therapy 77: J O U R N A L O F B O DY W O R K A N D M O V E M E N T T H E R A P I E S JANUARY 2 0 01

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T h e n e w e ng l a n d j o u r na l o f m e dic i n e Rosiglitazone and Cardiovascular Risk Bruce M. Psaty, M.D., Ph.D., and Curt D. Furberg, M.D., Ph.D. In this issue of the Journal, Nissen and Wolski1 control groups. Across the trials, there was no report the results of a meta-analysis of treatment standard method for identifying or validating trials of rosiglitazone, as compared

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The effect of coffee and caffeine consumption on serum lipids in rats.N. Rakicioglu, G. Pekcan and A. Cevik. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 49.6 (Nov 1998): p441(1). (3575 words) Abstract: Coronary heart disease research confirms that coffee alone is not a significant risk factor. Laboratory rats were fed controlled diets with varying levels of coffee, caffeine

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