He encontrado que alguna farmacia puede tener existencias limitadas de ciertos medicamentos, mientras que otras pueden tener casi cualquier formato que se le ocurra y el habitual de dosis habitualidad apareció. En resumen, siempre se contiene el almacén de corroborar. Al mismo tiempo que el producto que más que gustaba ha resultado no estaba disponible en stock otro distinto por las Buenas costumbres también debe buscarse jefe no asн parezca. Por eso es importante disponer de un Plan B para actuar cuandod ello no ocurra. Ventaja de tomar un genérico en lugar de Asix Un genérico es más barato que el nombre de marca Uno de los mayores incentivos para someterse al Dónde comprar Lasix genérico en lugar de pagar la marca es que usted puede obtener un ahorrando importantes Lasix genérico. Por lo tanto, un Lasix genérico es en general mucho más barato que el homólogo de marca, así que una denominación genérica se hace posible para las personas que usan este medicamento con frecuencia. Un ejemplo: La compra de lurosemida en lugar de Lasix es una considerable ahorro para el presupuesto mensual de medicamentos.

Week ten

LawTech Talk, Oct. 2, 2007
Patents and Innovations in China’s
Biotech/Pharmaceutical Industries
Background and Questions
„ Outlines of National M&L Term S&T Development „ “innovation-oriented country” and “top 5 in annual „ Is there a strong correlation between patent and innovation? (More patents = more innovations?) „ Is a strong patent system beneficial to China’s innovation, and to the society as a whole? „ Is China’s patent regime appropriate for Theoretical Debates
„ Utilitarian Æ spur innovation (John Wiley, 1991) „ Disagreement on whether, or how well, this purpose „ Prospect theory: based on “tragedy of the commons” „ Competitive Innovation (Ken Arrow, 1962)„ Cumulative innovation (Merges and Nelson, 1990)„ The “tragedy of anticommons (Michael Heller, 1998)„ Industry-specific theory (Burk and Lemley, 2003) Case study on patent-innovation in
China’s biotech/pharma industries
„ China’s innovation strength and strategies in „ Patent filings and grants in these industries „ The problems in current patent law and the pending amendments relating to biotech and pharmaceutical industries „ The role of patent in innovation: reflections Innovation Strength
„ HGP: completed in 2003„ Bio-medical: „ Decoded genes for HBV, SARS, etc. „ Gene mutation chart for Chinese man’s No. 21 chromosome.
„ Plant: Bt rice and cotton, silkworm gene mapping, pest and disease „ Stem cell: superior technique„ Pharmaceutical: „ Biomedicines: EPO, G-CSF, Human Insulin Humilin, TPA, Epidermal growth factor, PCR enzymes, etc; and gene therapy drugs: e.g., Endostar, H101, Gendicine (P53) „ Vaccine: AIDS, SARS, Hapatitis A and B„ TCM: qinghao Su, TangHerb, fufang dansen diwan Innovation Models (or strategies)
„ 97-99% imitation rate„ Intense competition and legal risk „ “me too” and “me better”, e.g., Endostar, H101„ Advantages„ Difficulties: to get around patents „ “tough but unrewarding business”„ Only one (qing hao) but not patented„ Short fund, low tech. & lack high quality drug Problems and Causes
„ Fairly strong in up-stream basic research, weak in down-stream R&D and commercialization.
„ Broken chain of commercialization between: gov’t research institutes Æ universities Æ biotech firms Æpharma firms Æ healthcare system Æ market. „ Lack of expertise and good models in tech. transfer More Patents = More Innovations?
„ 20% annual growth in patent filings and grants: „ Gene: domestic increase (>60%), mostly for sequencing „ Pharma: steady , but mostly foreigners (80%) for „ TCM: mostly Chinese (96%); mostly for mixtures Are the Innovations Promoted by
Patent?
„ But how about gov’t funded projects? „ Probably not in the beginning„ Funding not sufficient or appropriate„ Fund mostly upstream basic research„ Patents not owned by the research institutes Is China’s Patent Regime
Appropriate for Innovation?
„ Some subject matter not covered, e.g., transgenic animals and plants, human ESCs, methods of treatment and diagnosis of diseases, etc.
„ Inconsistency between law and practice, eg the above subject matter are excluded by law, but granted patents in practice through “back door” –process patent.
„ Incompatibility between patent standards and the characteristics of patentable subject matter, eg TCM Proposed amendments:
Implications for Innovations
„ “building an Innovation-oriented country”„ More clear ownership of patent rights: „ Joint patent holders„ state funded-projects „ No big breakthrough in patentable subject matter: „ Diagnosis and treatment of diseases„ Biodiversity and genetic resources „ Invention completed in China, but first patent in other countries: no Chinese patent can be granted.
Anticommons and Public Health
„ Measures useful to prevent the tragedy of „ Compulsory licensing„ Exemption for market approval„ Parallel import„ Prior art defence and malicious litigation„ Willful silence over infringing act„ Anti-competition „ Is there a “tragedy of anticommons” in China? „ Is there a public health crisis in China? If so, what caused?„ Will the re-balance be beneficial to China’s innovation? Conclusions
„ To some extent, yes. But more not always mean better „ Stronger patent Æ stronger innovation? „ To some extent, yes. Particularly for biotech/pharma. industries „ But needs to balance various interests.
„ Both the level of innovation and the level of patent protection in China is still fairly low: much room for improvement „ “prospect theory” and “anticommons” theory may work well in „ Suggestions: give patent protection to transgenic plants and „ “A gene is a kind of wealth. If China does not get its own gene patents, then in the next century its biotech industry – and in particular its pharmaceutical industry – will be like ‘the Admiral of the Northern Fleet who saw all his ships capsize and sink beneath the waves.’”(Tan Jiazhen) Patents for TCM in 4 categories in
1999, 2000 and 2003
Year / Mixture / Active agents / Equipments / Processes Increase in Pharmaceutical patents

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